First autonomous ocean-going vessel closer, but legal hurdle remains

Although the technology for autonomous shipping is developing at a rapid pace, the real breakthrough remains out for now. The main reason? Clear legal frameworks are still lacking. Only when there are clear agreements about liability in case of incidents - such as collisions or damage to infrastructure - can the first unmanned seagoing vessel actually set sail.

The technology is already there: unmanned vessels that sail autonomously or remotely controlled are being experimented with around the world. But legal uncertainties still make large-scale application at sea impossible. "Without a crew, there is no legal basis for liability. And you simply cannot hold a computer liable," explains Frank Stevens, associate professor of maritime law.

Nevertheless, maritime shipping offers more flexibility than barge transport. Whereas barge transport is legally required to have a sailor or captain present at all times, maritime shipping only requires that there be “sufficient” crew on board. According to Stevens, this opens the door to autonomous shipping, provided it is well-substantiated. “A shipping line could demonstrate that an autonomous ship meets that standard,” said Stevens.

A possible scenario for an initial application is a ship sailing a fixed route close to the coast. That setting is more manageable and safer for first steps. Especially as the shortage of maritime personnel becomes acute, the technology comes into a more favorable light - despite the high investment cost.

On June 19 and 20, the MASS Rotterdam Conference will be held in Rotterdam, bringing together legal and maritime specialists to further discuss this complex issue. The next few years could be decisive for the future of autonomous sea shipping.